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Celestial Objects

Celestial objects are usually referred to as Astronomical Objects or Bodies. This term refers to the outer space physical units, associations or formations. Usually, a celestial body is a single entity or unified structure that is joined together by the virtue of a gravitational force like Earth, Moon, Sun, other planets, stars etc. A celestial object / body might be a single body, star huddle or a whole galaxy. Usually, a telescope is needed to view astronomical objects, but there are certain such celestial bodies that are visible even with naked eye. Some of these are huge and close enough to be seen with naked eye like Sun and Moon; others require great eyesight and perfect climate and weather conditions like planets. In this article, I will tell you about some celestial objects that can be seen with naked eye without any difficulty. Let us expand our knowledge.

1. Sun:

Sun is the nearest star to our planet, and this is why we can see it at day without any difficulty at all. In fact, we see with its help in the day time! This certainly isn’t the brightest star of our galaxy; it only is the closest and this is why we do not see other stars in the daytime. In the night, this huge celestial body shines on the other side of the Earth, thus we see stars which are far far away from our planet.

Here are some factual details about this huge star.

  • Diameter: 1,392,000 kilometers (109 times diameter of the earth)
  • Mass: 2 × 1030 (3,30,000 times mass of the earth)
  • Mean distance form the earth: 1.496×108 km
  • Hydrogen cover ¾ mass of the sun, left mass consists of helium and very little heavier elements for instance oxygen, iron, carbon etc.

As we all now, it is the centre of our solar system. Every planet of the solar system revolves around this huge bright star. It is a white star, but seems yellow due to the atmospheric scattering of blue light. The surface temperature of sun is around 5505 degree C. It comprises of almost 99.8632% of the total mass of our solar system. A lot of magnetic activity keeps on going on the sun. Its strong magnetic field changes from year to year. After every eleven years, the magnetic field reverses its direction around the solar maximum. This strong magnetic field of the sun is responsible for solar activity like solar flares, solar wind variations and sunspots. Solar activity has, supposedly, played vital role in the formation as well as evolution of the whole solar system. Also, it is responsible for changes in earth’s outer atmosphere, auroras on earth, as well as interrupted radio communication and electric power.

According to what we have been told, this great star was created 4.57 billion years ago due to collapsing of a hydrogen molecular cloud. Looking at the sun directly causes pain and sometimes it can be harmful. Also, viewing a solar eclipse directly can cause serious damage to the eyes of the viewer. Direct exposure to the sunrays is harmful and can cause grave skin ailments. For this purpose, sun blocks and sunscreens are advised to be applied before going out. Sunrays are also being used to produce energy called Solar Energy.

2. Moon:

Moon is a natural satellite, and is the only one Earth possesses. This is the fifth largest natural satellite of our solar system. We can see the moon with naked eye in when the sun sets. Sometimes, we can see it even in the daytime. The moon; though has a very dark surface, is the most bright object in the sky after sun. Its rotation is pretty much synchronized with that of the earth, and this is the reason that we always see the same “face” of moon always. It is also the only celestial object on which humans have landed. Many unmanned spacecrafts have been sent to this natural satellite for further studies. It is the second densest satellite in the solar system, following “Lo”.

Its movement is pretty interesting. In the beginning, it had faster rotation pace, but gravitational forces brought it to a steady speed. The moon takes almost the same time in rotating about its axis as revolving around the earth. Therefore, we always see the same side of the moon called “near side”. The other darker side of the moon is called “far side.”

There are some dark spots that we see on the surface of the moon. These are called “Maria”, which are hardened pools of very old basaltic lava. Maria cover almost 31% of the near side surface, whereas only 2% of the far side surface. Other light colored areas are called “Terrae.” Due to collision of comets and asteroids, various impact craters have been formed on the surface of the moon. Moon is responsible for the high tides in seas and rivers. It is the reason of solar eclipses; which happen when the moon comes in between the sun and the earth. Lunar eclipse occurs when the earth comes in between the sun and the moon, and sun becomes unable to provide illumination to the moon. Thus, we see a lunar eclipse.

It possesses a high status when it comes to cultural mythologies. A calendar is also associated with its name, specifically; the Lunar Calendar.

3. Comet:

Anciently considered as a bad omen when sighted; comets have been observed since old times. It is a small solar system body (SSSB); such object of the solar system which is neither a planet nor a dwarf planet. This is an icy SSSB. It can usually be seen with a tail, due to solar radiations and winds affecting its nucleus. This is why its coma and tail can be seen when it comes close to the sun. These two features distinguishes it form an asteroid. The nucleus is composed of ice, dust, rock and frozen gases. The surface is mostly dry, rocky and dusty. Inner side is believed to be icy.

When a comet is in the outer solar system; it remains unnoticeable. When it reaches the inner solar system, an atmosphere of its own is created around it due to solar wind and radiation. This atmosphere is called coma. The tail is created due to the pressure that is exerted on the coma by solar radiation and wind.

4. Meteoroid:

It is a particle of debris in the solar system, which can be of various sizes. When this debris made celestial object enters the earth’s atmosphere, it transforms into an observable band of light called “Meteor.” It becomes a Fireball when it is brighter than any planet. When the magnitude of a Fireball reaches -14 or brighter, it is called Bolide. A Bolide turns into Superbolide when the magnitude reaches -17 or brighter. A Meteorite is such a meteoroid or asteroid which reaches the surface of the earth undestroyed.

5. Star:

It is a radiant and shining round structure made up of plasma. It is held together by the virtue of gravity. Sun is a star which is visible in the day. Other stars are far away from us and can be seen only in the night; when sun has set. These glittering balls beautify the sky and add up to the charisma of night.

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Famous Cartoonists

Cartoons are not only loved by children, but also by most of the grown ups. Though we have grown in age, many of us still sit beside our young siblings while they are watching Looney Tunes, Pink Panther and Thunder Cats. Cartoons attract people of every age; this is why cinema houses are jam packed when there is an animated movie being shown. Have you ever thought about the hands that were behind your favorite Mickey Mouse, Papa Smurf, Ninja Turtles, Liono, Denver the last dinosaur, Tweety etc.? A cartoonist is a specialist in drawing shapes of cartoon characters. In this article, I am going to tell you about some of the most well known and celebrated cartoonists of the world. These artists have never been recognized the way they should be, like singers, actors and dancers. This article is a tribute to such artists who make such comic characters that fill our lives with light humor, and entertain us in best way possible.

Following are some of the best cartoonists of all time.

Walt Disney:
Yes, the guy behind our beloved Mickey! Mr. Disney was born on 5th December, 1901 at Hermosa, Chicago. His complete name was Walter Elias Disney.

Early Life:
His father was Irish-Canadian whereas his mother was of German-American descent. In his early age at Marceline, Walt dismay developed aptitude for drawing. One of his neighbors paid him for drawing their horse, too. After some time, the family moved to Chicago and Mr. Disney began attending night courses at the Chicago Art institute. As he was a patriot, he left the school when he was 16 in order to join the army but he was rejected for being underage. Being in the school, he started making cartoons for school’s newspaper. His cartoons depicted his patriotism as they were all filled with World War I concept. When he got rejected from the army, he joined Red Cross along with his friend and was sent to France for a year. In France, Mr. Walt Disney worked as an ambulance driver.

After coming back from France, he wanted to start his career as an artist, but no one was willing to give him acting roles. Neither was he able to get a position in a newspaper for cartoon making. With the help of his brother, he got an impermanent job at Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio where he met Ubbe Iwerks; another cartoonist. His job was to create advertisements for theatres, movies and newspapers. After their temporary jobs finished and both were left jobless, they decided to begin a commercial company of their own. “Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists” was very short lived and Disney joined City Film Ad Company, to be joined soon by Iwerks. There, he used to make advertisements that ere based on cut-out animation. He developed interest for animation and decided to be an animator. His employer was kind enough to lend him over a camera for practicing and experimenting. He employed a person and made deal with a theatre to show his first cartoons; “Laugh-O-Grams.”

The show was a hit, and led Mr. Disney to acquire his own studio called “Laugh-O-Grams.” He employed many animators and started working, but was unable to manage high wages and finances. Thus, the company was wound up for being bankrupt. This was the time he decided to move to Hollywood and make a studio there.

Mr. Disney and his brother made a studio in Hollywood and put all their money into it. He had a cartoon made in Kansas but had not aired it, called “Alice Comedies”. He got a distributor, and began moving on with Alice Comedies which was animation with Live Action. This was a huge success.

Oswald the Lucky Rabbit was created and drawn by Iwerks and was a big hit. After that, the distributor took all his great animators except for Iwerks (as he refused to leave Disney), and Disney was left alone. This was the time both of them made Mickey Mouse.

He has won 26 academy awards and has been nominated for academy awards 59 times. Disneyland is another achievement. Mr. Disney died at the age of 65 in 1966.

2. Bill Amend:
Well known for his comic strip FoxTrot, Bill Amend is an American cartoonist.

Early Life:
William J. C. Amend III was born September 20th, 1962 at Northampton, Massachusetts. He started his career as a cartoonist early in his age when he was in school where he used to make cartoons for school newspaper. He made cartoons for his college newspaper, too. After graduating with physics, he began with his cartoon making career.

FoxTrot:
On April 10th, 1988 FoxTrot appeared for the first time. Till 2006, FoxTrot appeared on the newspaper daily. After that, Amend switched to Sundays, only. This comic strip is based on the everyday life of Fox family comprising of five members; father Roger, mother Andy, and kids Peter, Paige and Jason. Other characters include kids’ friends and class mates, a pet and Roger’s colleagues.

In 2007, Bill Amend got the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the year.

3. Bill Watterson:
William Boyd Bill Watterson II was born on 5th July, 1958 at Washington D.C. he is famous for his comic strip “Calvin and Hobbes” that ran from 1985 to 1995.

Early Life:
His parents say that Bill was a quiet child who spent hours alone drawing and cartooning. He used to draw cartoons for school paper and yearbook. He graduated with Political Science in 1980.

Calvin and Hobbes:
This comic strip comprised of two main characters Calvin and Hobbes. Calvin is a six years old boy who is adventurous and Hobbes is his stuffed tiger which a mocking and satirical character. Other characters include Calvin’s parents, his classmate, his babysitter, a teacher and a bully boy.

Awards:
Mr. Watterson has attained many awards including Reuben Award, Harvey Award, Adamson Award and Max & Moritz Prize.

Apart from these cartoonists, there is a whole lot of worthy and competent cartoonists and animators who are giving there best for their passion and career

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Football Grounds

Football is one of the most beloved sports all over the globe. Whether it is Asia, America, Europe or Africa; football stands on top of the favorite sports list. For such immensely-liked sport, stadiums must be equally wonderful. Though the world is full of awesomely designed beautifully crafted wondrous football stadia; I have only chosen the best 5 from all of them. Many of the outstanding grounds have not been included in this list as only 5 have to be discussed here. I will tell you about their history, the planning, the making and other related details regarding those footballs grounds. Let us have a look at world’s best 5 football grounds.

1. Stadio Giuseppe Meazza (a.k.a. San Siro)
This Italian football stadium is commonly known as San Siro, though its official name is Stadio Giuseppe Meazza. It is home ground for two of the best Italian football clubs; Internazionale and AC Milan.

Broke ground: 1925
Opened: 19th September, 1926
Renovated: 1956, 1989
Owner: Milan Municipality
Field dimensions: 105 m X 68 m
Capacity: 80,074
Surface: Grass

Construction began in Milan’s district San Siro in 1925. The stadium was originally named as “Nuovo Stadio Calcistico San Siro” but was renamed in 1980 in honor of Giuseppe Meazza (who was a two time World Cup winner).

First renovation occurred in 1939; then in 1940, 1955, 1956 and 1987. In 1990, the stadium was renovated once again (for 1990 world cup) with $60 million and it resulted in taking the stadium up to UEFA 5-star standard. After that, the stadium was refurbished in 2002.

Except for football matches, this ground has also been used for musical concerts. Great names like Bob Marley, Michael Jackson and Robby Williams performed here. The stadium has also been used for Boxing and Rugby matches.

San Siro has hosted Football’s most respected event; the World Cup, twice (in 1934 and 1990).

2. Estadio Azteca (Mexico)
This legendary football stadium is located in Mexico City, Mexico. As far as the name “Azteca” is concerned, it is a tribute to the Aztec heritage of Mexico City. It has been nicknamed as “Coloso de Santa Ursula” (meaning colossus of Saint Ursula) due to the huge structure of stadium.

Location: Mexico City
Broke ground: 1961
Opened: 29th May, 1966
Renovated: 1985
Owner: Televisa
Operator: Club America
Construction cost: MXN$ 260 million
Architect: Pedro Ramirez Vazquez, Rafael Mijares Alcerreca
Field dimensions: 105 m x 68 m
Capacity: 105,000
Surface: grass

Here in this celebrated stadium, the two football legends Pele and Maradona lifted the trophy for the last time. Notable events that have taken place here include 1968 Summer Olympics, 1970 FIFA World Cup, 1975 Pan American Games, 1983 World Youth Championship, 1986 FIFA World Cup and 1999 FIFA Confederations Cup.

The stadium has also been hosting events other than football like political, musical and religious events. President’s campaign closure, appearance of Pope John Paul II and performance of U2, Elton John and Michael Jackson have been hosted by this stadium.

3. Estadio Centenario(Uruguay)
This stadium is primarily used for football and is located in Montevideo, Uruguay.

Location: Montevideo Uruguay
Broke ground: 21st July 1929
Opened: 18th July, 1930
Owner: Municipal
Architect: Juan Antonio Scasso
Capacity: 65235

Just as the Uruguayan National Football team is legendary, this football stadium is a legend, too. When Uruguayan team plays at its home ground, every other football team is threatened to death. The home ground always proves awesomely lucky for the national football team of Uruguay.

This stadium was basically built for hosting the FIFA World Cup 1930. Centenario hosted many matches including the semi finals and the final match of 1930 FIFA World Cup.

Major events held at this ground include 1930 FIFA World Cup, Copa America (1942, 1956, 1967 and 1995) and Intercontinental Cup final (1960, 1961, 1966, 1967 and 1971).

4. Estadio Maracana (Brazil)
This is an open air football stadium official name of which is “Estadio Jornalista Mario Filho.” It was constructed in 1950.

Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Broke ground: 2nd August, 1948
Opened: 16th June, 1950
Renovated: 2007
Owner: Rio de Janeiro State Government
Architect: Waldir Ramos, Raphael Galvao, Miguel Feldman, Oscar Valdetaro, Pedro Paulo B. Bastos, Orlando Azevedo and Antonio Dias Carneiro
Field dimensions: 110 m x 75 m
Capacity: 82,238
Surface: grass
Tenants: Flamengo, Fluminense, and Vasco

Great architecture, huge area and immense seating capacity make Maracana one of the greatest classic and historic football arenas. This stadium was built for the FIFA World Cup 1950 in the heart of Rio de Janeiro. It has been named (regarding the official name) after late carioca journalist Mario Filho who took a firm stand in favor of this stadium’s construction. As far as its popular name Estadio do Maracana is concerned, it has been named after the Maracana neighborhood in Rio de Janeiro.

In 1998, this stadium was classified as National Landmark and thus, it cannot be demolished now. Major football events that took place in here include FIFA World Cup 1950, 1989 Copa America, 1963 Intercontinental Cup and FIFA Club World Cup 2000.

Other than football, this stadium has been used for purposes like volleyball matches, religious events and musical concerts. Pop stars that performed at Maracana include George Michael, The Rolling Stones, Gun N’ Roses and Backstreet Boys.

5. Wembley Stadium (England)
This football stadium was opened in 1923 in London and was named “Empire Stadium.” In 2007, it was replaced with the “New Wembley Stadium.” Here, I will discuss the new stadium.

Broke ground: 2000
Built: 2004 – 2006
Opened: 2007
Owner: The Football Association
Operator: Wembley National Stadium Limited
Construction cost: GBP 798 million
Architect: Foster and Partners, Populous, Nathaniel Lichfield and Partners
Project manager: Symonds
General contractor: Multiplex Constructions (UK) Ltd
Field dimensions: 105 m x 69 m
Capacity: 90,000
Surface: grass

This is going to be a vitally important stadium in 2012, 2018 and 2022. It is also used for musical concerts, Rugby and American Football. Great performers like Metallica, George Michael, Oasis, U2 and Take That have performed here.

 

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Features of Google Earth

These days, online search is synonymous to “Google”. Peers tell each other “to Google” a term or topic when they mean to search it online. Google has definitely played an important role in the life of every human being who is related to internet in some way. There are many other services provided by Google which have made researches and study even easier like Google Books, Google News, Google Scholar, Google Maps and Google Earth. The latter has gained great deal of importance in past few years as it is one-of-its-kind service. People all around the sphere gain help from this service of Google. Apart from information and study purposes, it is also used as entertainment tool e.g. locating your home on the globe, finding out the location of your high school, searching for the international landmarks like Great Wall of China or Pyramids etc.

In this article, I will discuss the usage of Google Earth, along with the detailed history and background of this grand service.

What is Google Earth?

This is a virtual world map that displays geographical information of the globe. You can locate your house and see the place in map form, terrain form, satellite or hybrid.

History of Google Earth:

We cannot give the whole credit of Google Earth to Google, as it was created by another company. This program was originally named EarthViewer 3D which was fashioned by a company called Keyhole, Inc. As EarthViewer 3D, it was released back in 2001. In 2004, the big daddy Google acquired Keyhole Inc. and obviously, the EarthViewer came under Google’s control. In 2005, this product was released once again, but with a new name; Google Earth. This is available for those systems that run on MS Windows 2100 and above, Mac OS X 10.3.9 and above, Linux Kernel 2.4 and later and FreeBSD. As far as using Google Earth on mobile phones is concerned, it is available as free download both for iPhone OS and Android OS form their respective App Markets.

Overview of the Program:

Google Earth allows users to see images of the earth taken via satellites. These satellite images are of varying resolution; varying according to the significance and popularity of areas. Most of the times, land is covered in minimum 15m of resolution, but at popular places like Las Vegas, Melbourne and Cambridge, we find the highest resolution at fifteen cm. Basically, one will only get 2D image for most parts of the world. It is nothing like seeing something in front of you (or 3D), rather it is something like a huge snapshot of cities and colonies. There are but only few places on the earth that can be seen in 3D mode. These are the places which are considered more like the greatest landmarks like Grand Canyon and Mount Everest. With the help of NASA’s Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and collected digital elevation model (DEM) data, Google Earth offers these 3 dimensional images. Though the service was unable to render 3D images of places, but now there are certain places of which 3D images can be viewed. Now, we have Street View option as well as exploring moon is also possible with new version of Google Earth. Google Earth is available in 37 languages, with two version of English and Chinese each.

Features of Google Earth:

Now, let us discuss the nice features of Google Earth.

1. Wikipedia and Panoramio

Back in 2006 December, Google added a new layer to the Google Earth called “Geographical Web”. This included integration with Wikipedia and Panoramio. In 2007, Google acquired Panoramio and in 2010 the Geographic Web Layer was removed. Now, Panoramio layer sits in between the main layers and Wikipedia layer is lying in the “More” layer.

2. Flight simulator

There is a flight simulator feature in the Google Earth where the aircrafts can be controlled via keyboard, mouse or joystick. In the beginning, this was a hidden feature, but now it is not. The featured airplanes include F-16 Fighting Falcon and Cirrus R-22.

3. Google sky

It was introduced in 2007. As the name suggests, this feature enables users to view bodies and stars in the space. Though it offers great experience, Google Sky has tough competitions in form of Microsoft WorldWide Telescope and Stellarium.

4. Google Street View

In year 2008, the Street View was fully and completely integrated into Google Earth. In this mode, viewers are able to view some selected parts of few chosen cities at ground level. A 360 degree panoramic street level image is provided. It began with 5 cities, and now it has expanded to a great number of cities worldwide. The street view shows such photographs that have been taken before via an automobile. While in the Street View mode, these photos can be seen in a variety of sizes and from different angles and directions.

5. Ocean

This feature was added in the Google Earth in 2009. It offers views of oceans and underwater 3D imagery. Information from great oceanographers and scientists is included in this mode.

6. Historical Imagery

This feature allows the users to know about historical development and background of a certain place. If you are a student and working on an assignment regarding historical background of a certain place, this feature of Google Earth is bound to aid you big time.

7. Google Moon

As the name suggests, this feature displays images of our beloved moon. Google introduced Google Moon as a feature of Google Moon in 2009, on 40th anniversary of Apollo 11 mission.

8. Google Mars

This feature displays images of planet Mars as well as 3D topographical exposé. Though good for entertainment purposes, this feature can be best used for research purposes and studies.

Things change and technology keeps on developing. It is an ever growing thing, thus these features do not complete Google Earth. The service will keep on growing and we hope to see new and more exciting features and layers in the upcoming

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Best Shopping Cities

Who doesn’t like shopping? Whether you are a teen, an adult or an aged person, shopping is for all. It can be books, movies, dresses, shoes, bags, accessories, electronics, cars, gadgets etc. that people run after. You cannot go to any place for shopping if you want quality products; the place has to be a high end shopping city for this purpose. In this article, I am going to tell you about world’s top 3 cities best for shopping that offer you best available products and items. It is really difficult to rank all those cities as the competition is tough between them. I have chosen three cities from three different continents; from Europe, America and Asia.

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Hollywood Movies of 2010

Hollywood has produced some of the most wonderful movies ever this year. Best examples are Extraordinary Measures, Wolfman, Percy Jackson, Shutter Island, How to Train your Dragon, Clash of the Titans etc. 2010 has really been great for Hollywood as great movies have been made and they have been highly praised, too. In this article, I will tell you about the best movies of 2010 so far, according to plot, direction, production and rating.

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Flower Gardens

Nature has a healing effect in it that heals and restores people’s mental health and tranquility of mind. When you are in the midst of a pile of worries and tensions, a soft breeze or a raindrop can make you smile. You will notice that when you are living in the metropolitan, life is full of worries even when you have huge bungalow and lavish cars. The moment you think of getting a vacation and going to hill stations or beaches, your worries seem to fly away. Time that you spent in mountains, under rain, in snowfall, between flowers and near sea is indeed the best time of your life.

Flowers are the symbol of colors and life. Their beauty takes stress away from one’s mind and fills it with beauty of nature and serenity. Fragrance offers such peace of mind that cannot be attained with all world wealth. Watching various colors of flowers and inhaling inspirational odors is certainly best experience in one’s life after hectic routines of everyday life.

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Office Apps for iPhone

Everyone around us is busy; whether it’s the Mom performing household chores, Dad going to the office, Grandpa watering lawn or two years old little brother watching cartoons. In this busy atmosphere, who has the time for checking all the 200,000 Apple iPhone apps to choose the best suitable ones? Obviously no one does. This is why I am here with yet another article on iPhone apps that are related to work and office. I hope that you will like this article as much as previous ones.

I know that you are certainly not going to begin working on your iPhone. The sole purpose for these work and office apps is to get you a backup system in case your relied-upon systems refuse to work. At least this phone is going to save you your precious time.

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Great Architectural Designs

Architecture is the science (as well as art) of designing and constructing buildings. Every architect with a sense of competition and passion to excel in his/her field tries to be unique in his/her architectural designs and concepts. Uniqueness makes buildings attractive and architects know this fact well. Today’s world is filled with great architectural designs of buildings. In this article, I am going to tell you about some internationally famous unique and beautifully designed buildings. As there are innumerable matchless architectural designs spread in whole world, therefore it is difficult to choose few. Anyhow, I have chosen those with great architectural designs as well as beautiful looks.

1. Beijing National Stadium:

The National Stadium of Beijing was opened in 2008 and was especially designed for 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The construction cost of this building was $423 million. It has capacity for 80000 people. The architects that designed this wonderful building were China Architectural Design & Research Group, ArupSport, Herzog & de Meuron and AiWeiwei. Arup did the structural engineering.

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Top Goalkeepers

Half of the world has tuned its televisions to sports channels in order to witness the minutest advancement and update in the FIFA World Cup 2010 going on in South Africa. In football, role of a goalkeeper is of vital importance as he is the player who is bound to defend each and every goal attempt from the opponent team. If a team lacks a good and capable goalkeeper, it is not considered as a good football team. To be the best team out there, a team’s goalkeeper ought to be a great player.

In this article, I am going to discuss top 5 goalkeepers that are able of making history in FIFA World Cup 2010. These keepers might not turn out to b the best in world cup; I am only suggesting it on the basis of their past performances, career history and playing strategies.

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